Noticeable stable-condition lasers depending on laser crystals are compact and light-weight. Lasers from deep purple to blue are documented. Particularly, there have been lots of stories on Pr3+ doped laser crystals, and continuous wave lasers around 490 nm have been realized. Ti∶sapphire is the leading gain crystal for ultrafast lasers. Superintense ultrafast lasers with peak energy starting from a number of hundred terawatts to ten petawatts need large-top quality and enormous-sized Ti∶sapphire crystal. The origin of defect relevant optical absorption in Ti∶sapphire and the growth of huge-sized large-good quality crystals are two vital troubles that urgently must be resolved. In recent years, we analyzed the mechanism of defect connected optical absorption in Ti∶sapphire theoretically, and grew massive-sized large-high quality crystals through heat Trade strategy. The key activating ions for one μm laser crystals are Nd3+ and Yb3+. Nd∶YAG could be the most widely made use of laser crystal. In recent times, we explored several new Nd3+ doped fluoride and oxide laser crystals, and solved the emission cross part issue of Nd∶Lu3Al5O12. SIOM noted a completely new form of laser crystal Yb∶GdScO3, of which the gain bandwidth is about 85 nm. The usually utilized activation ions for two μm laser crystals are Tm3+ and Ho3+. Tm3+ is usually directly pumped by laser diode. Ho3+ has larger stimulated emission cross area, and its emission wavelength is for a longer here period than 2 μm. We researched the growth, spectroscopy, and laser general performance of Tm∶LiYF4, Tm∶LiLuF4, Ho∶LiYF4, Tm,Ho∶LiYF4, and Tm,Ho∶LiLuF4 crystals.

激光晶体的极化性能可能会影响输出激光束的质量和特性。有些激光晶体产生线性偏振光，这对某些应用可能有益。

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激光晶体（laser crystal），可将外界提供的能量通过光学谐振腔转化为在空间和时间上相干的具有高度平行性和单色性激光的晶体材料。是晶体激光器的工作物质。

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晶体的光学质量对激光器的有效运行至关重要。晶体中的缺陷或杂质可能导致光散射、吸收甚至损坏晶体。高光学质量确保了稳定和高质量的激光束。

活性离子在激光晶体内发生的能量跃迁对激光操作至关重要。大多数激光操作都是通过四能级系统原理进行的，确保连续操作并防止浪费的非辐射衰变。

The most achievable doping concentration can rely strongly over the host material and its fabrication strategy.

Several laser crystal components are actually shown where some saturable absorber substance is integrated for passive Q switching of the laser.

热膨胀和收缩系数对确定激光晶体的热透镜特性至关重要。最小化热透镜效应对于在广泛的操作温度范围内保持光束质量至关重要。

For quasi-three-amount laser obtain media or even 3-amount obtain media, a single often should Restrict the length to a price which happens to be also shorter for effective pump absorption, as reabsorption consequences would in any other case spoil the general performance. For side pumping, further criteria come into Perform; Aside from successful pump absorption, it is important to obtain a suitable spatial condition of the gain profile.

主体材料中活性离子掺杂物的数量是关键因素。它影响了激光的效率和性能。过低的浓度可能导致低输出，过高的浓度可能导致消光效应，降低晶体的效率。

The medium should have a superior transparency (lower absorption and scattering) within the wavelength locations of pump and laser radiation, and great optical homogeneity. To some extent, this relies on the caliber of the fabric, based on specifics of your fabrication method.

There exists a wide array of crystalline media, that may be grouped in accordance to special atomic constituents and crystalline constructions. Some significant teams of crystals are:

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